Header for a C-based, my-robot package for the Scribbler 2. More...

This graph shows which files directly or indirectly include this file:

Data Structures
struct	Pixel
	Struct for a pixel. More...

struct	Picture
	Struct for a picture object. More...

Macros
#define	ROBOT_CONNECTION_TYPE int

Functions
ROBOT_CONNECTION_TYPE	rConnect (const char *address)
	connects program to Scribbler More...

void	rDisconnect ()
	stop Scribbler motion and close Bluetooth More...

void	rSetConnection (ROBOT_CONNECTION_TYPE new_socket_num)
	set current connection to the socket number More...

void	rFinishProcessing ()
	all timed motions/image displays completed, all robots stopped, and all robot Bluetooth connections closed More...

void	rSetVolume (char highMute)
	Set sound to high volume (H) or mute (M) highMute set volume of Scribbler. More...

void	rBeep (double duration, int frequency)
	Beeps with the given duration and frequency. More...

void	rBeep2 (double duration, int freq1, int freq2)
	Generates two notes for the prescribed duration. More...

void	rSetName (const char *name)
	Change name stored in the robot to the 16-byte name given. More...

char *	rGetName ()
	Get the name of the robot. More...

void	rSetForwardness (char *direction)
	specifies which end of the Scribbler is considered the front More...

void	rSetForwardnessTxt (char *direction)
	alternative to rSetForwardness for compatibility with earlier MyroC More...

char *	rGetForwardness ()
	Gets the forwardness of the Scribbler. More...

void	rSetLEDFront (int led)
	Set the front [fluke] LED on or off. More...

void	rSetLEDBack (double led)
	Set the the intensity of the back fluke LED. More...

double	rGetBattery ()
	Get the current voltage from the Scribbler batteries; Maximum charge from 6 batteries could be up to 6 volts; Manufacturer suggests batteries should be changed below 4.1 volts. More...

int	rGetStall (int sampleSize)

void	rSetBluetoothEcho (char onOff)
	Turn on and off the printing transmission and echong of Bluetooth transmissions All robot commands involve the transmission of a command over Bluetooth Scribbler commands are always 9 bytes Fluke commands have varying lengths The fluke echos most, but not all, of the commands For many commands, the fluke also echos 11 bytes of sensor data. More...

void	rGetLightsAll (int lightSensors[3], int sampleSize)
	Get the average values of each of the three light sensors in an array. Values of each light sensor can somewhat (typically under 5%-10%). To even out variability, the sensor can be queried sampleSize times and an average obtained. More...

int	rGetLightTxt (const char *sensorName, int sampleSize)
	Get the average values of a specified light sensor. Values of each light sensor can somewhat (typically under 5%-10%). To even out variability, the sensor can be queried sampleSize times and an average obtained. More...

void	rGetIRAll (int irSensors[2], int sampleSize)
	Get an array of true/false values regarding the presence of obstacle based on the average values of each of the three IR sensors. Since readings of each light sensor can vary substantially, each sensor can be queried sampleSize times and an average obtained. More...

int	rGetIRTxt (const char *sensorName, int sampleSize)
	Use specified IR sensor to determine if obstacle is present. Since values of each light sensor can vary substantially, the sensor can be queried sampleSize times and an average obtained. More...

void	rGetLine (int lineSensors[2], int sampleSize)
	Use Scribbler 2 line sensors of Scribbler to check for a black line on a white surface under the robot. Since values of each light sensor can vary substantially, the sensor can be queried sampleSize times and an average obtained. More...

void	rSetIRPower (int power)
	Set the amount of power for the dongle's IR sensors. More...

void	rGetObstacleAll (int obstSensors[3], int sampleSize)
	Get the average values of the three obstacle sensors in an array. Since readings of each obstacle sensor can vary substantially (successive readings may differ by several hundred or more), each sensor can be queried sampleSize times and an average obtained. More...

int	rGetObstacleTxt (const char *sensorName, int sampleSize)
	Get the average values of a specified obstacle (IR) sensor. Since values of each obstacle sensor can vary substantially (successive readings may differ by several hundred or more), the sensor can be queried sampleSize times and an average obtained. More...

void	rGetBrightAll (int brightSensors[3], int sampleSize)
	Read the Fluke's virtual light sensors. Since readings of each brightness sensor can vary substantially (successive readings may differ by 5000-10000), each sensor can be queried sampleSize times and an average obtained. More...

int	rGetBrightTxt (char *sensorName, int sampleSize)
	Reads one of the Fluke's virtual light sensors. Each sensor reports a total intensity in the left, middle, or right of the Fluke's camera Since values of each obstacle sensor can vary substantially (successive readings may differ by 5000-10000), the sensor can be queried sampleSize times and an average obtained. More...

void	rGetInfo (char *infoBuffer)
	returns information about the robot's dongle, firmware, and communication mode as a 60 character array in infoBuffer. More...

void	rTurnLeft (double speed, double time)
	turn Scribbler left for a specified time and speed More...

void	rTurnRight (double speed, double time)
	turn Scribbler right for a specified time and speed More...

void	rTurnSpeed (char *direction, double speed, double time)
	turn Scribbler in direction for a specified time and speed More...

void	rForward (double speed, double time)
	moves Scribbler forward for a specified time and speed More...

void	rFastForward (double time)
	moves Scribbler forward at the largest possible speed for a specified time More...

void	rBackward (double speed, double time)
	moves Scribbler backward for a specified time and speed More...

void	rMotors (double leftSpeed, double rightSpeed)
	move robot with given speeds for the left and right motors continues until given another motion command or disconnected (non-blocking) More...

void	rStop ()
	directs robot to stop movement More...

void	rHardStop ()
	cuts power to the motor of the robot More...

Picture	rTakePicture ()
	Use the camera to take a photo. More...

void	rSavePicture (Picture pic, char filename)
	Save a Picture to a .jpeg. More...

Picture	rLoadPicture (char *filename)
	Load a picture from a .jpeg file. More...

void	rDisplayPicture (Picture pic, double duration, const char windowTitle)
	Display a picture in a new window. More...

void	rDisplayImageProcessingErrors ()
	Turn on and off the printing of error messasge for image processing. More...

void	rWaitTimedImageDisplay ()
	Wait until all timed, non-blocking image window timers are complete. More...

Detailed Description

Header for a C-based, my-robot package for the Scribbler 2.

Revision History

Version 1.0 based on a C++ package by April O'Neill, David Cowden, Dilan Ustek, Erik Opavsky, and Henry M. Walker

Developers of the C package for Linux: Creators Version 2.0 (C functions for utilities,general,sensors,movement): Spencer Liberto Dilan Ustek Jordan Yuan Henry M. Walker Contributors Version 2.2-2.3: (C functions for image processing) Anita DeWitt Jason Liu Nick Knoebber Vasilisa Bashlovkina Revision for Version 2.4: (image row/column made to match matrix notation) Henry M. Walker

Revisions for Version 3.0 Henry M. Walker

C ported to Macintosh Linux/Mac differences required for connections — otherwise same code OpenGL used to display images, replacing ImageMagick same [new] code used for both Linux and Macintosh 1 process for robot control 1 process needed for each titled window (not each image, as in 2.2-2.4) Blocking options (negative duration parameter) utilize separate thread timer MyroC implementation files organized by user function as follows:

Revisions for Version 3.1 Henry M. Walker

Picture struct and image functions revised to allow 192 by 256 images from origial Fluke camera 266 x 427 low-resolution images from Fluke 2 (high-resolution (800 x 1280) too large for more than 2-4 variables on run-time stack) storage, retrieval, and display of any images up to 266 x 427

Revisions for Version 3.2 Henry M. Walker

Practical range of rBeep duration identified as <= 3.0014 seconds Image display and processing resolves several matters and adds functionality function rDisplayPicture completely rewritten over time OpenGL rountines had encountered troubles on Linux, specifically glutHideWindow() hid images, but could not be restored, with difficulties depending on the graphics card on Mac, High Sierra generated compile warnings and restricted threads that could display images function rDisplayImageProcessingErrors added function rWaitTimedImageDisplay updated substantially

Revisions for Version 3.3 Henry M. Walker

MyroC ported to Windows 10, in addition to Linux and Mac OS X Additional refinements text parameter for rGetLightTxt expanded to "Middle" as well as "Center"

This program and all MyroC software is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. Details may be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/

Function Documentation

◆ rBackward()

void rBackward	(	double	speed,
		double	time
	)

moves Scribbler backward for a specified time and speed

Parameters

speed	the rate at which the robot should move backward linear range: -1.0 specifies move forward at full speed 0.0 specifies no forward/backward movement 1.0 specifies move backward at full speed
time	specifies the duration of the turn if negative: the robot starts backward (non-blocking) other processing proceeds, and the robot continues backward until given another motion command or disconnected (non-blocking) if zero: robot starts moving backward (non-blocking) other processing proceeds if positive: robot moves backward for the given duration, in seconds

moves Scribbler backward for a specified time and speed

Parameters

speed	the rate at which the robot should move backward linear range: -1.0 specifies move forward at full speed 0.0 specifies no forward/backward movement 1.0 specifies move backward at full speed
time	specifies the duration of the turn if negative: robot continues to go backward until given another motion command or disconnected (non-blocking) if nonnegative: robot moves backward for the given duration, in seconds

◆ rBeep()

void rBeep	(	double	duration,
		int	frequency
	)

Beeps with the given duration and frequency.

Parameters

duration	length of note in seconds
frequency	frequency of pitch in cycles per second (hertz)

Precondition: 0.0 < duration > 0.0 <= 3.0 seconds (Scribbler 2 hangs if duration > 3.0014 seconds; although reason unknown, experimentation suggests part of Sribbler 2 firmware)

◆ rBeep2()

void rBeep2	(	double	duration,
		int	freq1,
		int	freq2
	)

Generates two notes for the prescribed duration.

Parameters

duration	length of note in seconds
freq1	frequency of first pitch in cycles per second (hertz)
freq2	frequency of second pitch in cycles per second (hertz)

Precondition: 0.0 < duration <= 3.0 seconds (Scribbler 2 hangs if duration > 3.0014 seconds; although reason unknown, experimentation suggests part of Sribbler 2 firmware)

◆ rConnect()

ROBOT_CONNECTION_TYPE rConnect ( const char * address )

connects program to Scribbler

Parameters

address string, giving name of workstation port or a Scribbler Bluetooth designation

several string formats are possible
Linux and Mac:
a communications port, such as "/dev/rfcomm0"
a Scribbler 2 fluke serial number, such as "245787"
a full IPRE serial number, such as "IPRE245787"
a Fluke 2 serial number (hexadecimal), such as "021F"
a full Fluke 2 serial number, such as "Fluke2-021F"
Linux only:
a MAC address, such as "00:1E:19:01:0E:13"
Mac only:
any substring of a complete device file name,
as long as the resulting device is unique
some possibilities include
a complete device file name, such as

"/dev/tty.IPRE6-365877-DevB"
"/dev/tty.Fluke2-0958-Fluke2"
a fluke or fluke2 serial number
full path of symbolic link to a device filename string or substring in /dev

uniqueness is ensured by requiring 4 hex digits
or 6 decimal digits

Returns: if a connection is made the socket number/id of communications port is returned otherwise, the program exits, as robot processing cannot continue

Note: on Linux and Mac computers, sockets are ints, so rConnect returns an int on Windows computers, sockets have type SOCKET, so rConnect returns a SOCKET together, these are defined as a ROBOT_CONNECTION_TYPE

Postcondition: subsequent communications will take place through this robot address, unless changed by rSetConnection

connects program to Scribbler

Parameters

address string, giving name of workstation port or a Scribbler Bluetooth designation

several string formats are possible a communications port, such as "/dev/rfcomm0" a MAC address, such as "00:1E:19:01:0E:13" a Scribbler 2 fluke serial number, such as "245787" a full IPRE serial number, such as "IPRE245787" a Fluke 2 serial number (hexadecimal), such as "021F" a full Fluke 2 serial number, such as "Fluke2-021F"

Returns: if a connection is made the socket number of communications port is returned otherwise, the program exits, as robot processing cannot continue

Postcondition: subsequent communications will take place through this socket, unless changed by rSetConnection

Parameters

address string, giving name of workstation port or a Scribbler Bluetooth designation

several string formats are possible a complete device file name, such as

"/dev/rfcomm0"
"/dev/tty.IPRE6-365877-DevB"
"/dev/tty.Fluke2-0958-Fluke2" any substring of a complete device file name, as long as the resulting device is unique some possibilities include
a Scribbler 2 fluke serial number, such as "245787"
a full IPRE serial number, such as "IPRE6-245787"
a Fluke 2 serial number (hexadecimal), such as "021F"
a full Fluke 2 serial number, such as "Fluke2-021F" uniqueness is ensured by requiring 4 hex digits or 6 decimal digits the full path of a symbolic link to a device file name string or substring in /dev

Note: Connections via a MAC address, such as "00:1E:19:01:0E:13", is NOT available, for MyroC on Mac OS X, since AF_BLUETOOTH socket types are not defined in /usr/include/sys/socket.h Type man socket for additional information

Returns: if a connection is made the socket number of communications port is returned otherwise, the program exits, as robot processing cannot continue

Postcondition: subsequent communications will take place through this socket, unless changed by rSetConnection

◆ rDisconnect()

void rDisconnect ( )

stop Scribbler motion and close Bluetooth

Postcondition: motion for the current robot is stopped, blocking until any non-blocking motion time has expired
i.e., if a motion timer is set,
this procedure blocks
when the timer completes,
then the motion stops
else, procedure stops motion immediately
Bluetooth for the current robot is closed; motion for the current robot is stopped, blocking until any non-blocking motion time has expired
i.e., if a motion timer is set,
this procedure blocks, then stops motion
else, procedure stops motion immediately
Bluetooth for the current robot is closed

◆ rDisplayImageProcessingErrors()

void rDisplayImageProcessingErrors ( )

Turn on and off the printing of error messasge for image processing.

Note: Some operating systems (e.g., Mac OX S High Sierra) display an error message whenevern a new process for image display starts

Postcondition: This function toggles this printing on and off Initially, printing is off

Note: Some operating systems (e.g., Mac OX S High Sierra) display an error message whenevern a new process for image display starts

Postcondition: This function toggles this printing on and off Initially, printing is off

Note: Some operating systems (e.g., Mac OX S High Sierra) display an error message whenevern a new process for image display starts; Windows 10 does not generate these error messages, so this function has no useful purpose for Windows systems

Postcondition: This function turns this printing on Initially, printing is off

◆ rDisplayPicture()

void rDisplayPicture	(	Picture *	pic,
		double	duration,
		const char *	windowTitle
	)

Display a picture in a new window.

Parameters

pic	pointer to an RGB picture struct from Scribbler 2 camera
duration	if duration > 0, operation is blocking if duration <= 0, operation is non-blocking for duration != 0, picture displayed for abs(duration) seconds or until picture closed manually or until the program terminates if duration == 0, picture displayed until closed manually
windowTitle	The title of the window that appears. white spaces will be replaced with underscores.

Precondition: windowTitle is less than 100 characters.

Postcondition: image is displayed for the duration specified,
EXCEPT all display windows are closed when the main program terminates.

Warning: If images are displayed with a non-blocking option, and if the user wants images to appear for a full duration, use rWaitTimedImageDisplay or rFinishProcessing to block processing until all image timers are finished. Otherwise, program termination may close windows prematurely.

Display a picture.

Parameters

pic	pointer to an RGB picture struct from Scribbler 2 camera
duration	if duration > 0, operation is blocking if duration <= 0, operation is non-blocking for duration != 0, picture displayed for abs(duration) seconds or until picture closed manually or until the program terminates if duration == 0, picture displayed until closed manually
windowTitle	The title of the window that appears. white spaces will be replaced with underscores.

Precondition: windowTitle is less than 100 characters.

Postcondition: image is displayed for the duration specified,
EXCEPT all display windows are closed when the main program terminates.

Warning: If images are displayed with a non-blocking option, and if the user wants images to appear for a full duration, use rWaitTimedImageDisplay or rFinishProcessing to block processing until all image timers are finished. Otherwise, program termination may close windows prematurely.

◆ rFastForward()

void rFastForward ( double time )

moves Scribbler forward at the largest possible speed for a specified time

Parameters

time specifies the duration of the turn
if negative: the robot starts forward (non-blocking) other processing proceeds, and the robot continues forward until given another motion command or disconnected (non-blocking)
if zero: robot starts moving forward (non-blocking); other processing proceeds
if positive: robot moves forward for the given duration, in seconds

Warning: may take longer than usual to execute

moves Scribbler forward at the largest possible speed for a specified time

Parameters

time	specifies the duration of movement if negative: robot continues to move forward until given another motion command or disconnected (non-blocking) if nonnegative: robot moves forward for the given duration, in seconds

Warning: may take longer than usual to execute

◆ rFinishProcessing()

void rFinishProcessing ( )

all timed motions/image displays completed, all robots stopped, and all robot Bluetooth connections closed

same result as rDisconnect for all robots plus rComleteImageDisplay

Postcondition: blocks until all timed robot motions are complete, and all timed image displays no longer visible
upon completion, all timed images are invisible, all robot motion is halted, and all robot Bluetooth connections closed

produces same result as calling rDisconnect for all robots and also calling rComleteImageDisplay

Postcondition: procedure blocks until all timed robot motions are complete, and all timed image displays are no longer visible upon completion, all timed image displays are closed, all robot motion is halted, and all robot Bluetooth connections closed

◆ rForward()

void rForward	(	double	speed,
		double	time
	)

moves Scribbler forward for a specified time and speed

Parameters

speed	the rate at which the robot should move forward linear range: -1.0 specifies move backward at full speed 0.0 specifies no forward/backward movement 1.0 specifies move forward at full speed
time	specifies the duration of the turn if negative: the robot starts forward (non-blocking) other processing proceeds, and the robot continues forward until given another motion command or disconnected (non-blocking) if zero: robot starts moving forward (non-blocking); other processing proceeds if positive: robot moves forward for the given duration, in seconds

moves Scribbler forward for a specified time and speed

Parameters

speed	the rate at which the robot should move forward linear range: -1.0 specifies move backward at full speed 0.0 specifies no forward/backward movement 1.0 specifies move forward at full speed
time	specifies the duration of movement if negative: robot continues to move forward until given another motion command or disconnected (non-blocking) if nonnegative: robot moves forward for the given duration, in seconds

◆ rGetBattery()

double rGetBattery ( )

Get the current voltage from the Scribbler batteries; Maximum charge from 6 batteries could be up to 6 volts; Manufacturer suggests batteries should be changed below 4.1 volts.

Returns: percentage of battery voltage

Get the current voltage from the Scribbler batteries; Maximum charge from 6 batteries could be up to 6 volts; Manufacturer suggests batteries should be changed below 4.1 volts.

Returns: percentage of battery voltage

◆ rGetBrightAll()

void rGetBrightAll	(	int	brightSensors[3],
		int	sampleSize
	)

Read the Fluke's virtual light sensors. Since readings of each brightness sensor can vary substantially (successive readings may differ by 5000-10000), each sensor can be queried sampleSize times and an average obtained.

Parameters

brightSensors	array to store intensity values
sampleSize	how many readings are taken for each sensor

Precondition: space already allocated for brightSensors array sampleSize > 0

Postcondition: brightSensors[0] gives average value for left sensor
brightSensors[1] gives average value for middle sensor
brightSensors[2] gives average value for right sensor
Brightness values near 0 represent bright light
Brightness values may extend to about 65535 for a dark region.

Read the Fluke's virtual light sensors. Since readings of each brightness sensor can vary substantially (successive readings may differ by 5000-10000), each sensor can be queried sampleSize times and an average obtained.

Parameters

brightSensors	array to store intensity values
sampleSize	how many readings are taken for each sensor

Precondition: space already allocated for brightSensors array sampleSize > 0

Postcondition: brightSensors[0] gives average value for left sensor brightSensors[1] gives average value for middle sensor brightSensors[2] gives average value for right sensor Brightness values near 0 represent bright light Brightness values may extend to about 65535 for a very dark region.

◆ rGetBrightTxt()

int rGetBrightTxt	(	char *	sensorName,
		int	sampleSize
	)

Reads one of the Fluke's virtual light sensors. Each sensor reports a total intensity in the left, middle, or right of the Fluke's camera Since values of each obstacle sensor can vary substantially (successive readings may differ by 5000-10000), the sensor can be queried sampleSize times and an average obtained.

Parameters

sensorName name of the bright sensor

Precondition: sensorName is "left", "center", "middle", or "right" (not case sensitive)
designations "center" and "middle" are alternatives for the same bright sensor

Parameters

sampleSize how many readings are taken for the sensor

Precondition: sampleSize > 0

Returns: reading from the specified bright sensor, averaged over sampleSize number of data samples
Brightness values near 0 represent bright light
Brightness values may extend to about 65535 for a very dark region.

Parameters

sensorName name of the bright sensor

Precondition: sensorName is "left", "center", "middle", or "right" (not case sensitive) designations "center" and "middle" are alternatives for the same bright sensor

Parameters

sampleSize how many readings are taken for the sensor

Precondition: sampleSize > 0

Returns: reading from the specified bright sensor, averaged over sampleSize number of data samples Brightness values near 0 represent bright light Brightness values may extend to about 65535 for a very dark region.

◆ rGetForwardness()

char* rGetForwardness ( )

Gets the forwardness of the Scribbler.

Returns: either "fluke-forward" or "scribbler-forward"

Gets the forwardness of the Scribbler

Returns: either "fluke-forward" or "scribbler-forward"

◆ rGetInfo()

void rGetInfo ( char * infoBuffer )

returns information about the robot's dongle, firmware, and communication mode as a 60 character array in infoBuffer.

Parameters

infoBuffer a pre-defined, 60-character array

Postcondition: infoBuffer contains relevant robot information

returns information about the robot's dongle, firmware, and communication mode as a 60 character array in infoBuffer.

Parameters

infoBuffer a pre-defined, 60-character array

Postcondition: infoBuffer contains relevant robot information

◆ rGetIRAll()

void rGetIRAll	(	int	irSensors[2],
		int	sampleSize
	)

Get an array of true/false values regarding the presence of obstacle based on the average values of each of the three IR sensors. Since readings of each light sensor can vary substantially, each sensor can be queried sampleSize times and an average obtained.

Parameters

irSensors	array to store intensity values
sampleSize	how many readings are taken for each sensor

Precondition: space already allocated for irSensors array sampleSize > 0

Postcondition: irSensors[0] checks obstacle for left sensor
irSensors[1] checks obstacle for right sensor; for each irSensors array value
return 0 indicates no obstacle detected
return 1 indicates obstacle detected

Get an array of true/false values regarding the presence of obstacle based on the average values of each of the three IR sensors. Since readings of each light sensor can vary substantially, each sensor can be queried sampleSize times and an average obtained.

Parameters

irSensors	array to store intensity values
sampleSize	how many readings are taken for each sensor

Precondition: space already allocated for irSensors array sampleSize > 0

Postcondition: irSensors[0] checks obstacle for left sensor irSensors[1] checks obstacle for right sensor; for each irSensors array value return 0 indicates no obstacle detected return 1 indicates obstacle detected

◆ rGetIRTxt()

int rGetIRTxt	(	const char *	sensorName,
		int	sampleSize
	)

Use specified IR sensor to determine if obstacle is present. Since values of each light sensor can vary substantially, the sensor can be queried sampleSize times and an average obtained.

Parameters

sensorName name of the light sensor

Precondition: sensorName is "left" or "right" (not case sensitive)

Parameters

sampleSize how many readings are taken for the sensor

Precondition: sampleSize > 0

Returns: true/false (0/1) determination of obstacle, based on IR sensorName sensor, averaged over sampleSize number of data samples

Postcondition: return 0 indicates no obstacle detected
return 1 indicates obstacle detected

Parameters

sensorName name of the light sensor

Precondition: sensorName is "left" or "right" (not case sensitive)

Parameters

sampleSize how many readings are taken for the sensor

Precondition: sampleSize > 0

Returns: true/false (0/1) determination of obstacle, based on IR sensorName sensor, averaged over sampleSize number of data samples

Postcondition: return 0 indicates no obstacle detected return 1 indicates obstacle detected

◆ rGetLightsAll()

void rGetLightsAll	(	int	lightSensors[3],
		int	sampleSize
	)

Get the average values of each of the three light sensors in an array. Values of each light sensor can somewhat (typically under 5%-10%). To even out variability, the sensor can be queried sampleSize times and an average obtained.

Parameters

lightSensors	array to store intensity values
sampleSize	how many readings are taken for each sensor

Precondition: space already allocated for lightSensors array sampleSize > 0

Postcondition: lightSensors[0] gives average value for left sensor
lightSensors[1] gives average value for middle sensor
lightSensors[2] gives average value for right sensor
Intensity values near 0 represent bright light
Intensities may extend to about 65000 for a dark region.

Parameters

lightSensors	array to store intensity values
sampleSize	how many readings are taken for each sensor

Precondition: space already allocated for lightSensors array sampleSize > 0

Postcondition: lightSensors[0] gives average value for left sensor lightSensors[1] gives average value for middle sensor lightSensors[2] gives average value for right sensor Intensity values near 0 represent bright light Intensities may extend to about 65000 for a very dark region.

◆ rGetLightTxt()

int rGetLightTxt	(	const char *	sensorName,
		int	sampleSize
	)

Get the average values of a specified light sensor. Values of each light sensor can somewhat (typically under 5%-10%). To even out variability, the sensor can be queried sampleSize times and an average obtained.

Parameters

sensorName name of the light sensor

Precondition: sensorName is "left", "center", "middle", or "right" (not case sensitive)
designations "center" and "middle" are alternatives for the same light sensor

Parameters

sampleSize how many readings are taken for the sensor

Precondition: sampleSize > 0

Returns: reading from the specified light sensor, averaged over sampleSize number of data samples
if sensorName invalid, returns -1.0

Get the average values of a specified light sensor. Values of each light sensor can somewhat (typically under 5%-10%). To even out variability, the sensor can be queried sampleSize times and an average obtained.

Parameters

sensorName name of the light sensor

Precondition: sensorName is "left", "center", "middle", or "right" (not case sensitive) designations "center" and "middle" are alternatives for the same light sensor

Parameters

sampleSize how many readings are taken for the sensor

Precondition: sampleSize > 0

Returns: reading from the specified light sensor, averaged over sampleSize number of data samples if sensorName invalid, returns -1.0

◆ rGetLine()

void rGetLine	(	int	lineSensors[2],
		int	sampleSize
	)

Use Scribbler 2 line sensors of Scribbler to check for a black line on a white surface under the robot. Since values of each light sensor can vary substantially, the sensor can be queried sampleSize times and an average obtained.

Warning: results of these sensors may be flakey!

Parameters

lineSensors	array to store line values detected
sampleSize	how many readings are taken for each sensor

Precondition: space already allocated for lineSensors array sampleSize > 0

Postcondition: lineSensors[0] checks left sensor for line
lineSensors[1] checks right sensor for line; for each irSensors array value
return 0 indicates line is identified
return 1 indicates line is not identified

Use Scribbler 2 line sensors of Scribbler to check for a black line on a white surface under the robot. Since values of each light sensor can vary substantially, the sensor can be queried sampleSize times and an average obtained.

Warning: results of these sensors may be flakey!

Parameters

lineSensors	array to store line values detected
sampleSize	how many readings are taken for each sensor

Precondition: space already allocated for lineSensors array sampleSize > 0

Postcondition: lineSensors[0] checks left sensor for line lineSensors[1] checks right sensor for line (left/right based on Scribbler-forward orientation); for each line sensors array value return 0 indicates line is identified (light color under Scribbler) return 1 indicates line is not identified (dark color)

◆ rGetName()

char* rGetName ( )

Get the name of the robot.

Returns: information about the name of the robot

Postcondition: the returned name is a newly-allocated 17-byte string

◆ rGetObstacleAll()

void rGetObstacleAll	(	int	obstSensors[3],
		int	sampleSize
	)

Get the average values of the three obstacle sensors in an array. Since readings of each obstacle sensor can vary substantially (successive readings may differ by several hundred or more), each sensor can be queried sampleSize times and an average obtained.

Parameters

obstSensors	array to store intensity values
sampleSize	how many readings are taken for each sensor

Precondition: space already allocated for obstSensors array; sampleSize > 0

Postcondition: obstSensors[0] gives average value for left sensor
obstSensors[1] gives average value for middle sensor
obstSensors[2] gives average value for right sensor
Returned values are between 0 and 6400
Obstacle values near 0 represent no obstacle seen
Obstacle values may approach 6400 as obstacle gets close.

Warning: As battery degrades, sensor readings degrade, yielding systematically lower numbers.

Parameters

obstSensors	array to store intensity values
sampleSize	how many readings are taken for each sensor

Precondition: space already allocated for obstSensors array sampleSize > 0

Postcondition: obstSensors[0] gives average value for left sensor obstSensors[1] gives average value for middle sensor obstSensors[2] gives average value for right sensor Returned values are between 0 and 6400 Obstacle values near 0 represent no obstacle seen Obstacle values may approach 6400 as obstacle gets close.

Warning: As battery degrades, sensor readings degrade, yielding systematically lower numbers.

◆ rGetObstacleTxt()

int rGetObstacleTxt	(	const char *	sensorName,
		int	sampleSize
	)

Get the average values of a specified obstacle (IR) sensor. Since values of each obstacle sensor can vary substantially (successive readings may differ by several hundred or more), the sensor can be queried sampleSize times and an average obtained.

Parameters

sensorName name of the obstacle sensor

Precondition: sensorName is "left", "center", "middle", or "right" (not case sensitive)
designations "center" and "middle" are alternatives for the same light sensor

Parameters

sampleSize how many readings are taken for the sensor

Precondition: space already allocated for vals array; sampleSize > 0

Returns: reading from the specified obstacle sensor, averaged over sampleSize number of data samples
Returned values are between 0 and 6400
Obstacle values near 0 represent no obstacle seen
Obstacle values may approach 6400 as obstacle gets close.

Warning: As battery degrades, sensor values degrade, yielding systematically lower numbers.

Parameters

sensorName name of the obstacle sensor

Precondition: sensorName is "left", "center", "middle", or "right" (not case sensitive) designations "center" and "middle" are alternatives for the same light sensor

Parameters

sampleSize how many readings are taken for the sensor

Precondition: space already allocated for vals array sampleSize > 0

Returns: reading from the specified obstacle sensor, averaged over sampleSize number of data samples Returned values are between 0 and 6400 Obstacle values near 0 represent no obstacle seen Obstacle values may approach 6400 as obstacle gets close.

Warning: As battery degrades, sensor values degrade, yielding systematically lower numbers.

◆ rGetStall()

int rGetStall ( int sampleSize )

Determine if robot has stalled

MyroC Reference Manual (http://wiki.roboteducation.org/Myro_Reference_Manual) states "Every time you issue a move command, the stall sensor resets, and it needs to wait a short time to see whether the motors are stalled. This means that the sensor won't give accurate results if you test it too soon after the robot starts to move."

In practice, it may take 0.5-1.0 seconds for rGetStall to sense the robot is stalled

Parameters

sampleSize how many readings are taken for each sensor

Precondition: sampleSize > 0

Returns: whether or not robot current has stalled

Postcondition: Returns 1 if the robot has stalled
Returns 0 otherwise.

Determine if robot has stalled

MyroC Reference Manual (http://wiki.roboteducation.org/Myro_Reference_Manual) states Every time you issue a move command, the stall sensor resets, and it needs to wait a short time to see whether the motors are stalled. This means that the sensor won't give accurate results if you test it too soon after the robot starts to move.

In practice, it may take 0.5-1.0 seconds for rGetStall to sense the robot is stalled

Parameters

sampleSize how many readings are taken for each sensor

Precondition: sampleSize > 0

Returns: whether or not robot current has stalled

Postcondition: Returns 1 if the robot has stalled Returns 0 otherwise.

◆ rHardStop()

void rHardStop ( )

cuts power to the motor of the robot

◆ rLoadPicture()

Picture rLoadPicture ( char * filename )

Load a picture from a .jpeg file.

Parameters

filename the name of the file

Precondition: file must exist; file extension must be .jpeg or .jpg; file must be no larger than 266 by 427

Returns: Picture

Parameters

filename the name of the file

Precondition: file must exist; file extension must be .jpeg or .jpg; file must be no larger than 266 by 427

Returns: locally-declared Picture

Postcondition: calling program should store returned Picture in a previously-declared struct

◆ rMotors()

void rMotors	(	double	leftSpeed,
		double	rightSpeed
	)

move robot with given speeds for the left and right motors continues until given another motion command or disconnected (non-blocking)

Parameters

leftSpeed	the rate at which the left wheel should turn linear range: -1.0 specifies move backward at full speed 0.0 specifies no forward/backward movement 1.0 specifies move forwardward at full speed
rightSpeed	the rate at which the right wheel should turn linear range: -1.0 specifies move backward at full speed 0.0 specifies no forward/backward movement 1.0 specifies move forward at full speed

move robot with given speeds for the left and right motors continues until given another motion command or disconnected (non-blocking)

Parameters

leftSpeed	the rate at which the left wheel should turn linear range: -1.0 specifies move backward at full speed 0.0 specifies no forward/backward movement 1.0 specifies move forwardward at full speed
rightSpeed	the rate at which the right wheel should turn linear range: -1.0 specifies move backward at full speed 0.0 specifies no forward/backward movement 1.0 specifies move forward at full speed

◆ rSavePicture()

void rSavePicture	(	Picture *	pic,
		char *	filename
	)

Save a Picture to a .jpeg.

Parameters

pic	pointer to an RGB picture struct from Scribbler 2 camera
filename	the name of the file

Precondition: filename ends with .jpeg or .jpg.

Postcondition: If the file does not exist, a new file will be created.; If the file exists, the file will be overwritten.

This section contains functions for taking and manipulating images All images are constrained with height <= 266 and width <= 427

images from robot cameras have varying sizes, depending on the Fluke images for the original Fluke are 192 (height) by 256 (width) low-resolution images for the Fluke 2 are 266 by 427 high-resolution images for the fluke 2 are 800 by 1280 (not supported)

Bluetooth communication constrains the time required for the Fluke to take a picture Typical times: original fluke: 2- 4 seconds Fluke 2 (low res): 4- 6 seconds Fluke 2 (high res): 25-30 seconds

BASED ON TIMINGS AND MEMORY CONSIDERATIONS, Myro C ALLOWS ONLY LOW RESOLUTION IMAGES

the Picture struct allows direct access to Pixel data Pictures can be saved and loaded as .jpeg files

Note: Following standard mathematical convention for a 2D matrix, all references to a pixel are given within an array as [row][col]; user-defined images may have any size, as long as height <= 266 and width <= 427; Following standard mathematical convention for a 2D matrix, all references to a pixel are given within an array as [row][col]

Warning: The Picture struct is defined to be sufficiently large to store several low-resolution camera images (340756 bytes each) Experimentally, an array of up to 94 (not 95) Pictures is allowed However, the display of images requires that image data be copied, so display of many images may not work If a program hangs when working with Picture variables, the issue may involve lack of space on the runtime stack. To utilize a modest number of Pictures, use "ulimit -s" command, as needed, in a terminal window For example, ulimit -s 32768 Sizes above 32768 may not be allowed in Linux or Mac OS X Save a Picture to a .jpeg

Parameters

pic	pointer to an RGB picture struct from Scribbler 2 camera
filename	the name of the file

Precondition: filename ends with .jpeg or .jpg.

Postcondition: If the file does not exist, a new file will be created.; If the file exists, the file will be overwritten.

this code is a slightly modified version of write_JPEG_file(char *, int) from example.c from the libjpeg.v8d library directory.

◆ rSetBluetoothEcho()

void rSetBluetoothEcho ( char onOff )

Turn on and off the printing transmission and echong of Bluetooth transmissions All robot commands involve the transmission of a command over Bluetooth Scribbler commands are always 9 bytes
Fluke commands have varying lengths
The fluke echos most, but not all, of the commands
For many commands, the fluke also echos 11 bytes of sensor data.

Parameters

onOff char 'y' enables printing of Bluetooth communications
char 'n' disables printng
other character values ignored

Turn on and off the printing transmission and echong of Bluetooth transmissions All robot commands involve the transmission of a command over Bluetooth Scribbler commands are always 9 bytes
Fluke commands have varying lengths
The fluke echos most, but not all, of the commands
For many commands, the fluke also echos 11 bytes of sensor data.

Parameters

onOff char 'y' enables echoing char 'n' disables echoing other character values ignored

◆ rSetConnection()

void rSetConnection ( ROBOT_CONNECTION_TYPE new_socket_num )

set current connection to the socket number

Parameters

new_socket_num the number of an open socket for communication

Precondition: new_socket_num has been returned by rConnect the designated socket has not been closed

Note: a socket has type int on Linux or Mac; type SOCKET on Windows together these are defined as ROBOT_CONNECTION_TYPE

set current connection to the socket number

Parameters

new_socket_num the number of an open socket for communication

Precondition: new_socket_num has been returned by rConnect the designated socket has not been closed

◆ rSetForwardness()

void rSetForwardness ( char * direction )

specifies which end of the Scribbler is considered the front

Parameters

direction identifies front direction

Precondition: direction is either "fluke-forward" or "scribbler-forward" (not case sensitive)

specifies which end of the Scribbler is considered the front

Parameters

direction identifies front direction

Precondition: direction is either "fluke-forward" or "scribbler-forward" (not case sensitive)

◆ rSetForwardnessTxt()

void rSetForwardnessTxt ( char * direction )

alternative to rSetForwardness for compatibility with earlier MyroC

◆ rSetIRPower()

void rSetIRPower ( int power )

Set the amount of power for the dongle's IR sensors.

Parameters

power the desired power level for the IR sensors

Precondition: power is between 0 and 255 (inclusive)
Manufacturer notes: default value is 135
if IR obstacle sensor is always high, try lowering IR power
if IR obstacle sensor is always low, try raising IR power

Parameters

power the desired power level for the IR sensors

Precondition: power is between 0 and 255 (inclusive)

◆ rSetLEDBack()

void rSetLEDBack ( double led )

Set the the intensity of the back fluke LED.

Parameters

led	intensity of the LED values between 0 and 1 provide a range of brightness from off to full intensity values bigger than 1 are treated as 1 (full brightness) values less than 0 are treated as 0 (LED off)

Set the the intensity of the back fluke LED,

Parameters

led	intensity of the LED values between 0 and 1 provide a range of brightness from off to full intensity values bigger than 1 are treated as 1 (full brightness) values less than 0 are treated as 0 (LED off).

◆ rSetLEDFront()

void rSetLEDFront ( int led )

Set the front [fluke] LED on or off.

Parameters

led	value 1 turns on LED value 0 turns off LED

Precondition: led must be 0 or 1

Set the front [fluke] LED on or off

Parameters

led	value 1 turns on LED value 0 turns off LED

Precondition: led must be 0 or 1

◆ rSetName()

void rSetName ( const char * name )

Change name stored in the robot to the 16-byte name given.

Parameters

name	specifies new name of robot if < 16 bytes given, name is filled with null characters if >= 16 bytes given, name is truncated to 15 bytes plus null Change name stored in the robot to the 16-byte name given
name	specifies new name of robot if < 16 bytes given, name is filled with null characters if >= 16 bytes given, name is truncated to 15 bytes plus null

◆ rSetVolume()

void rSetVolume ( char highMute )

Set sound to high volume (H) or mute (M) highMute set volume of Scribbler.

Precondition: highMute is 'H' to set for high volume or 'M' for mute

Set sound to high volume (H) or mute (M) highMute set volume of Scribbler.

Precondition: highMute is 'H' Oto set for high volume or 'M' for mute

◆ rStop()

void rStop ( )

directs robot to stop movement

◆ rTakePicture()

Picture rTakePicture ( )

Use the camera to take a photo.

This section contains functions for taking and manipulating images All images are constrained with height <= 266 and width <= 427

images from robot cameras have varying sizes, depending on the Fluke images for the original Fluke are 192 (height) by 256 (width) low-resolution images for the Fluke 2 are 266 by 427 high-resolution images for the fluke 2 are 800 by 1280

Bluetooth communication constrains the time required for the Fluke to take a picture Typical times: original fluke: 2- 4 seconds Fluke 2 (low res): 4- 6 seconds Fluke 2 (high res): 25-30 seconds

BASED ON TIMINGS AND MEMORY CONSIDERATIONS, Myro C ALLOWS ONLY LOW RESOLUTION IMAGES

the Picture struct allows direct access to Pixel data Pictures can be saved and loaded as .jpeg files

Note: Following standard mathematical convention for a 2D matrix, all references to a pixel are given within an array as [row][col]; user-defined images may have any size, as long as height <= 266 and width <= 427; Following standard mathematical convention for a 2D matrix, all references to a pixel are given within an array as [row][col]

Warning: The Picture struct is defined to be sufficiently large to store several low-resolution camera images (340756 bytes each) Experimentally, an array of up to 94 (not 95) Pictures is allowed However, the display of images requires that image data be copied, so display of many images may not work If a program hangs when working with Picture variables, the issue may involve lack of space on the runtime stack. To utilize a modest number of Pictures, use "ulimit -s" command, as needed, in a terminal window For example, ulimit -s 32768 Sizes above 32768 may not be allowed in Linux or Mac OS X

Returns: Picture

This section contains functions for taking and manipulating images All images are constrained with height <= 266 and width <= 427

images from robot cameras have varying sizes, depending on the Fluke images for the original Fluke are 192 (height) by 256 (width) low-resolution images for the Fluke 2 are 266 by 427 high-resolution images for the fluke 2 are 800 by 1280

Bluetooth communication constrains the time required for the Fluke to take a picture Typical times: original fluke: 2- 4 seconds Fluke 2 (low res): 4- 6 seconds Fluke 2 (high res): 25-30 seconds

BASED ON TIMINGS AND MEMORY CONSIDERATIONS, Myro C ALLOWS ONLY LOW RESOLUTION IMAGES

the Picture struct allows direct access to Pixel data Pictures can be saved and loaded as .jpeg files

Note: Following standard mathematical convention for a 2D matrix, all references to a pixel are given within an array as [row][col]; user-defined images may have any size, as long as height <= 266 and width <= 427; Following standard mathematical convention for a 2D matrix, all references to a pixel are given within an array as [row][col]

Warning: The Picture struct is defined to be sufficiently large to store several low-resolution camera images (340756 bytes each) Experimentally, an array of up to 94 (not 95) Pictures is allowed However, the display of images requires that image data be copied, so display of many images may not work If a program hangs when working with Picture variables, the issue may involve lack of space on the runtime stack. To utilize a modest number of Pictures, use "ulimit -s" command, as needed, in a terminal window For example, ulimit -s 32768 Sizes above 32768 may not be allowed in Linux or Mac OS X Use the camera to take a photo

Returns: Picture

◆ rTurnLeft()

void rTurnLeft	(	double	speed,
		double	time
	)

turn Scribbler left for a specified time and speed

Parameters

speed	the rate at which the robot should move left linear range: -1.0 specifies right turn at full speed 0.0 specifies no turn 1.0 specifies left turn at full speed
time	specifies the duration of the turn if negative: the robot starts to turn (non-blocking) other processing proceeds, and the robot continues to turn until given another motion command or disconnected (non-blocking) if zero: robot starts turning (non-blocking); other processing proceeds if positive: robot turns for the given duration, in seconds

turn Scribbler left for a specified time and speed

Parameters

speed	the rate at which the robot should move left linear range: -1.0 specifies right turn at full speed 0.0 specifies no turn 1.0 specifies left turn at full speed
time	specifies the duration of the turn if negative: robot continues to turn until given another motion command or disconnected (non-blocking) if nonnegative: robot turns for the given duration, in seconds

◆ rTurnRight()

void rTurnRight	(	double	speed,
		double	time
	)

turn Scribbler right for a specified time and speed

Parameters

speed the rate at which the robot should move right
linear range: -1.0 specifies left turn at full speed
0.0 specifies no turn
1.0 specifies right turn at full speed

time specifies the duration of the turn
if negative: the robot starts to turn (non-blocking) other processing proceeds, and the robot continues to turn until given another motion command or disconnected (non-blocking)
if zero: robot starts turning (non-blocking); other processing proceeds
if positive: robot turns for the given duration, in seconds
if nonnegative: robot turns for the given duration, in seconds

turn Scribbler right for a specified time and speed

Parameters

speed	the rate at which the robot should move right linear range: -1.0 specifies left turn at full speed 0.0 specifies no turn 1.0 specifies right turn at full speed
time	specifies the duration of the turn if negative: robot continues to turn until given another motion command or disconnected (non-blocking) if nonnegative: robot turns for the given duration, in seconds

◆ rTurnSpeed()

void rTurnSpeed	(	char *	direction,
		double	speed,
		double	time
	)

turn Scribbler in direction for a specified time and speed

Parameters

direction	direction of turn, based on looking from the center of the robot and facing forward
speed	the rate at which the robot should move forward linear range: -1.0 specifies turn at full speed 0.0 specifies no turn 1.0 specifies turn at full speed
time	specifies the duration of the turn if negative: the robot starts to turn (non-blocking) other processing proceeds, and the robot continues to turn until given another motion command or disconnected (non-blocking) if zero: robot starts turning (non-blocking); other processing proceeds if positive: robot turns for the given duration, in seconds

Precondition: direction is "left" or "right", case insensitive

turn Scribbler in direction for a specified time and speed

Parameters

direction	direction of turn, based on looking from the center of the robot and facing forward
speed	the rate at which the robot should move forward linear range: -1.0 specifies turn at full speed 0.0 specifies no turn 1.0 specifies turn at full speed
time	specifies the duration of the turn if negative: robot continues to turn until given another motion command or disconnected if nonnegative: robot turns for the given duration, in seconds

Precondition: direction is "left" or "right", case insensitive

◆ rWaitTimedImageDisplay()

void rWaitTimedImageDisplay ( )

Wait until all timed, non-blocking image window timers are complete.

Postcondition: wait until all timed [non-blocking] images have closed
robot motion is unaffected by this function

Warning: images opened with duration 0.0 do not close until images are updated or until the program terminates
all other [timed, non-blocking] image windows are closed by this function

Postcondition: wait until all timed [non-blocking] images have closed
robot motion is unaffected by this function

Warning: images opened with duration 0.0 do not close until images are updated or until the program terminates
all other image windows are closed by this function

Data Structures

Macros

Functions

Detailed Description

Function Documentation

◆ rBackward()

◆ rBeep()

◆ rBeep2()

◆ rConnect()

◆ rDisconnect()

◆ rDisplayImageProcessingErrors()

◆ rDisplayPicture()

◆ rFastForward()

◆ rFinishProcessing()

◆ rForward()

◆ rGetBattery()

◆ rGetBrightAll()

◆ rGetBrightTxt()

◆ rGetForwardness()

◆ rGetInfo()

◆ rGetIRAll()

◆ rGetIRTxt()

◆ rGetLightsAll()

◆ rGetLightTxt()

◆ rGetLine()

◆ rGetName()

◆ rGetObstacleAll()

◆ rGetObstacleTxt()

◆ rGetStall()

◆ rHardStop()

◆ rLoadPicture()

◆ rMotors()

◆ rSavePicture()

◆ rSetBluetoothEcho()

◆ rSetConnection()

◆ rSetForwardness()

◆ rSetForwardnessTxt()

◆ rSetIRPower()

◆ rSetLEDBack()

◆ rSetLEDFront()

◆ rSetName()

◆ rSetVolume()

◆ rStop()

◆ rTakePicture()

◆ rTurnLeft()

◆ rTurnRight()

◆ rTurnSpeed()

◆ rWaitTimedImageDisplay()