Machine-level Operations, Bit Manipulation, and Unions

Goals

This lab provides practice in working with data at the bit level in C. Specific work involves the representation of integers, the manipulation of bits in C, and the use of unions in C to view bit patterns in multiple ways.

Bit Operations

The C programming language contains the following bitwise operations:

operation	comment
&	bitwise and
|	bitwise or
^	bitwise exclusive or
~	ones complement
<<	shift left
>>	shift right

Preparation before Class

• King, Sections 16.4, 20.1 OR
• K&R 2.9, 6.8

Work Started in Class

1. In the Lab on Integer Processing, we used the C program ~walker/c/fluency-book/integer-rep.c to examine the bit representations of integers. Review that program, and explain how the print_binary procedure works. As part of your explanation, include an example for the printing of the decimal number 11.

Binary Representation of Integers and the data-rep.c Program

2. Program ~walker/c/data-rep.c provides an alternative framework for examining the bit representations of integers and floating point numbers.

   1. Write (on paper) the floating point numbers ± 5.0 and ± 11.0 using the IEEE floating-point representation of real numbers.

   2. Run program ~walker/c/data-rep.c to determine the internal representation of the integers from part 1, as actually stored on PC/Linux computers, and write a paragraph that explains the bits involved with the sign, mantissa, and exponent of these numbers.

3. Program ~walker/c/data-rep.c uses a union in C as the basis of its processing.

   1. What can be stored or accessed in a DATA type?
   2. A typedef statement allows the type union DATA to be identified more simply as a data type. Explain what data may be stored in variable d and how that data can be accessed.

4. The main part of this program consists of a single loop.

   1. What is the significance of the number 1 in the while (1) expression?
   2. Under what circumstances does the program terminate, and how is this made to happen?
   3. [Note that continue is used in place of break in the default option, so execution at that spot will jump back to the top of the loop rather than continuing with the printing that follows.]

5. Explain how numbers are set in options 0, F, and I.

6. Why is the number -1 used for option 1?

7. After each number is set, its value is printed using several representations. While the printf statements are straight forward, the printBitGroups function may require some thought. The first use of this function comes from the call printBitGroups (d, 1). Using bitGroups as 1, trace the execution of printBitGroups.

   1. Identify the initial values of value, mask and iterations. (Variable a is an array of integers, with subscripts between 0 and 31.)
   2. Describe the final value of variable mask after the first loop terminates, and explain how that bit pattern is achieved.
   3. Explain what processing is done in the second loop; what are the final values placed in the a array, and how are these values determined.
   4. Why do you think the value variable is declared as d.integer, rather than using d.integer directly in the second loop of printBitGroups.

8. Explain the purpose of the call printBitGroups (d, 4), and discuss how this purpose is achieved.

   1. What is the purpose of the number 4 in this call?
   2. Describe the final value of variable mask after the first loop terminates, and explain how that bit pattern is achieved.
   3. Explain what processing is done in the second loop; what are the final values placed in the a array, and how are these values determined.

9. Write (in English) appropriate pre- and post-condidtions for function printBitGroups. These conditions should be inserted as comments to follow the function's header, but they need NOT be checked in the code using assert statements or other executed tests.

Homework

10. Add a menu option to this program, so that the integer value of variable d is changed to its ones complement.

11. Add a menu option to this program that begins with the value in variable d and successively toggles successive bits of the variable — printing the binary, hexadecimal, integer, and float values of the results in a table. Toggling of the bits should progress from left to right. Thus, the output might have the form:

    binary	hexadecimal	integer form	float form
    00000000000000000000000000000000	00000000	0	0.0
    10000000000000000000000000000000	80000000	-2147483648	-0.0
    01000000000000000000000000000000	40000000	1073741824	2.0
    ...

Feedback Welcome

Development of laboratory exercises is an iterative process. Prof. Walker welcomes your feedback! Feel free to talk to him during class or stop by his office.

  http://www.walker.cs.grinnell.edu/courses/161.fa14/modules/struct-2d-arrays/lab-bit-ops.shtml